References

We really wanted to get all of our facts right for this book – not just repeat things we’d read in other books or read somewhere on the internet – even if they seem like fairly authoritative sources. That meant reading a lot of research papers, medical texts and historical documents. These references aren’t (even close to being) all represented here, but the ones which back up particular assertions in the book are. If you want to read the papers, you can find most by searching for the titles on scholar.google.com. Many are behind expensive paywalls though. The references are broken into sections and in order of their use in the book, so keen fact hunters can match an assertion with a reference, but feel free to ask us if you need help.

Your guide to free healthy food everywhere! Fully updated 2nd edition.

Price: $28.95 + $4 postage within Australia.

1. Introduction

On the Appreciation of Weeds

Thomas J. Monaco, Stephen C. Weller, and Floyd M. Ashton, Weed Science: Principles and Practices, 4th ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002).

John Dwyer, “Weed Psychology and the War on Weeds,” Plant Protection Quarterly 26, no. 3 (September 2011): 82-86. [we recommend this, and hope John publishes his broader PhD as a book in the near future.]

Eduardo H. Rapoport et al., “Edible Weeds: A Scarcely Used Resource,” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 76, no. 3 (1995): 163-166. http://www.jstor.org/pss/20167947

S. Redzic, A. Biscevic, and A. Redzic, “Use Of Edible Mushrooms and Lichens in Additional Nutrition of People in War in Bosnia And Herzegovina (W. Balkan)” (presented at the The World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Cape Town, 2008).

Artemis P Simopoulos, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants,” Biological Research 37 (2004): 263-277.

Ertan Yildirim, Atilla Dursun, and Metin Turan, “Determination of the Nutrition Contents of the Wild Plants Used as Vegetables in Upper Çoruh Valley,” Turkish Journal of Botany 25 (2001): 367-371.

“Understanding local Mediterranean diets: A multidisciplinary pharmacological and ethnobotanical approach,” Pharmacological Research 52, no. 4 (October 2005): 353-366.

Petropoulos, Spyridon A., Ângela Fernandes, Maria Ines Dias, Carla Pereira, Ricardo Calhelha, Francesco Di Gioia, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, et al. 2020. “Wild and Cultivated Centaurea Raphanina Subsp. Mixta: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds.” Antioxidants 9 (4): 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040314.

“USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.” n.d. USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory. Accessed January 7, 2012. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.

Thompson, Ken, John A. Parkinson, Stuart R. Band, and Rita E. Spencer.. 1997. “A Comparative Study of Leaf Nutrient Concentrations in a Regional Herbaceous Flora.” New Phytologist 136 (4): 679–89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00787.x.

The Local Food-Nutraceuticals Consortium. 2005. “Understanding Local Mediterranean Diets: A Multidisciplinary Pharmacological and Ethnobotanical Approach.” Pharmacological Research 52 (4): 353–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2005.06.005.

Pieroni, Andrea, Gabriella Morini, Maria Piochi, Naji Sulaiman, Raivo Kalle, Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Andrea Devecchi, et al. 2023. “Bitter Is Better: Wild Greens Used in the Blue Zone of Ikaria, Greece.” Nutrients 15 (14): 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143242.

Motti, R., G. Bonanomi, V. Lanzotti, and R. Sacchi. 2020. “The Contribution of Wild Edible Plants to the Mediterranean Diet: An Ethnobotanical Case Study Along the Coast of Campania (Southern Italy).” Economic Botany 74 (3): 249–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-020-09504-1.

Åhlberg, Mauri Kalervo. 2021. “A Profound Explanation of Why Eating Green (Wild) Edible Plants Promote Health and Longevity.” Food Frontiers 2 (3): 240–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.106.

Kim, Soon-Hee, Dae Young Kwon, and Donghwa Shin. 2020. “Namul, the Driving Force behind Health and High Vegetable Consumption in Korea.” Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0026-2.

Notes of Caution

(Note: there are many further references in our extended online oxalic acid article.)

Mahmut Çalişkan, “The Metabolism of Oxalic Acid,” Journal of Zoology 24 (2000): 103–106.

José Luis Guil et al., “Oxalic Acid and Calcium Determination in Wild Edible Plants,” J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, no. 7 (1996): 1821-1823.

Shashi Kala Yadav and Salil Sehgal, “Effect of domestic processing and cooking on selected antinutrient contents of some green leafy vegetables,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 1-11.

Tsai, Jeng-Yu, Jong-Khing Huang, Tony T Wu, and Ying Huei Lee. 2005. “Comparison of Oxalate Content in Foods and Beverages in Taiwan.”

Albrecht, Steffen, Herbert Brandl, and Christoph Schönfels. 1994. “Human Oxalate—Really Just an End-Product of Metabolism?” Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 33 (17): 1780–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199417801.

Robertson, Daniel Stewart. 2011. “The Function of Oxalic Acid in the Human Metabolism.” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 49 (9). https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.238.

Akubugwo, I.E., A.N. Obasi, and S.C. Ginika. 2007. “Nutritional Potential of the Leaves and Seeds of Black Nightshade- Solanum Nigrum L. Var Virginicum from Afikpo-Nigeria.” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6 (4): 323–26. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2007.323.326.

Shepherd, R.C.H. 2010. Is This Plant Poisonous?: An Australian Field Guide for Livestock, Pets and People. Richardson, R G & F J.

Kallas, J. 2010. Edible Wild Plants: Wild Foods From Dirt to Plate. Gibbs Smith.

Kamau, Elijah Heka, Julius Maina Mathara, and Glaston Mwangi Kenji. 2020. “Characterization of the Chemical and Phytochemical Profiles during Fruit Development and Ripening in Selected Cultivars of African Nightshade (Solanum Nigrum Complex) Edible Berries.” Journal of Agricultural Studies 8 (2): 806. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.16873.

Murage, Ephraim N., James A. Chweya, and Jasper K. Imungi. 1996. “Changes in Leaf Yield and Nutritive Quality of the Black Nightshade (Solarium Nigrum) as Influenced by Nitrogen Application.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition 35 (2): 149–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1996.9991484.

Yimer, Abebe, Sirawdink Fikreyesus Forsido, Getachew Addis, and Abebe Ayelign. 2023. “Nutritional Composition of Some Wild Edible Plants Consumed in Southwest Ethiopia.” Heliyon 9 (6): e16541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16541.

Hord, N. G. 2011. “Regulation of Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite: Balancing Essential Physiological Roles with Potential Health Risks.” Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease: 155–166.

Bryan, Nathan S., and Joseph Loscalzo. 2011. Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease. Springer.

Hmelak Gorenjak, Alenka. 2013. “Nitrate in Vegetables and Their Impact on Human Health. A Review.” Acta Alimentaria 42 (2) (June): 158–72. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.42.2013.2.4.

“Are Nitrates and Nitrites in Foods Harmful?” 2020. Healthline. February 10, 2020. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/are-nitrates-and-nitrites-harmful.

Weed, Susan. n.d. “Herbs in Pregnancy.” MidwifeInfo. Accessed May 13, 2012. http://midwifeinfo.com/articles/herbs-in-pregnancy.

Mills, Edward, Jean-Jacques Dugoua, Daniel Perri, and Gideon Koren. 2013. Herbal Medicines in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Evidence-Based Approach. CRC Press.

Bernstein, Nirit, Muhammad Akram, Zohara Yaniv-Bachrach, and Muhammad Daniyal. 2021. “Is It Safe to Consume Traditional Medicinal Plants during Pregnancy?” Phytotherapy Research 35 (4): 1908–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6935.

“Herbs for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding.” 2011. MediHerb. http://www.mediherb.com/pdf/6080.pdf.

Kennedy, D. A., A. Lupattelli, G. Koren, and H. Nordeng. 2016. “Safety Classification of Herbal Medicines Used in Pregnancy in a Multinational Study.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16 (1): 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1079-z.

Khoo, Y. S. K., and Z. Aziz. 2009. “Garlic Supplementation and Serum Cholesterol: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 34 (2): 133–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00998.x.

D. Stankovic and Lj. Dosenovic, “Herbaceous plants as lead (Pb) hyperaccumulators” (presented at the International Scientific Conference Integral Protection of Forests – Scientific-Technological Platform, Belgrade (Serbia): Institute of Forestry, Belgrade (Serbia), 2007).

2. Our Top 20 Edible and Medicinal Weeds

Sheik Saeed Ahmad and Sumaira Javed, “Exploring the Economic value of Underutilized Plant species in Ayubia National Park,” Pak. J. Bot. 39, no. 5 (2007): 1435-1442.

Amaranth (Amaranthus species)

Teutonico, Rita A., and Dietrich Knorr. 1985. “Amaranth: Composition, Properties and Applications.” Food Techonology 39 (4): 49–61.

Jonathan B. Tucker, “Amaranth: The Once and Future Crop,” BioScience 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 9-13.

McConnell, K. 1998. “The Prehistoric Use of Chenopodiaceae in Australia: Evidence from Carpenter’s Gap Shelter 1 in the Kimberley, Australia.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7 (3): 179–188.

Angled onion (Allium triquetrum)

Yu-Yan Yeh and Lijuan Liu, “Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Garlic Extracts and Organosulfur Compounds: Human and Animal Studies,” The Journal of Nutrition 131, no. 3 (2001): 989S-993S.

MA Adetumbi, “Allium sativum (garlic)–a natural antibiotic,” Med Hypothesis 12, no. 3 (1983): 227-237.

Khoo, Y. S. K., and Z. Aziz. 2009. “Garlic Supplementation and Serum Cholesterol: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 34 (2): 133–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00998.x.

Piragine, Eugenia, Davide Petri, Sabrina Giometto, Alma Martelli, Ersilia Lucenteforte, and Vincenzo Calderone. 2022. “Potential Effects of Alliaceae and Brassicaceae Edible Plants on Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.” Pharmacological Research 185 (November): 106519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106519.

Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus and relatives)

Bente L Halvorsen et al., “Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 1 (2006): 95-135.

Adelheid Brantner and Edith Grein, “Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, no. 1 (August 1994): 35-40.

Blackberry Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)

J. M Edmonds, J. A. Chweya, and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Black nightshades, Solanum nigrum L. and related species (IPGRI, 1997)

“Vienna Dioscorides,” University of Virginia Health System Historical Collections, n.d., http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/rare_books/herbalism/vienna.cfm.

V. Prashanth Kumar et al., “Cytoprotective role of Solanum nigrum against gentamicin-induced kidney cell (Vero cells) damage in vitro,” Fitoterapia 72, no. 5 (June 2001): 481-486.

Jainu, Mallika, and Chennam Srinivasulu Shyamala Devi. 2006. “Antiulcerogenic and Ulcer Healing Effects of Solanum Nigrum (L.) on Experimental Ulcer Models: Possible Mechanism for the Inhibition of Acid Formation.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104 (1-2) (March 8): 156–163. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.064.

Ikeda, Tsuyoshi, Jun Ando, Akiko Miyazono, Xing-Hua Zhu, Hidetsugu Tsumagari, Toshihiro Nohara, Kazumi Yokomizo, and Masaru Uyeda. 2000. “Anti-Herpes Virus Activity of Solanum Steroidal Glycosides.” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 23 (3): 363–64. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.23.363.

Pat Collins, Useful Weeds At Our Doorstep (Total Health & Education Centre, 1998).

Li, Jian, Qingwang Li, Tao Feng, and Kun Li. 2008. “Aqueous Extract of Solanum Nigrum Inhibit Growth of Cervical Carcinoma (U14) via Modulating Immune Response of Tumor Bearing Mice and Inducing Apoptosis of Tumor Cells.” Fitoterapia 79 (7): 548–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.06.010.

Kuppuswamy Raju et al., “Effect of Dried Fruits of Solanum nigrum LINN against CCl4-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats,” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26, no. 11 (2003): 1618-1619.

Hui-Mei Lin et al., “Hepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linn extract against CCl4-iduced oxidative damage in rats,” Chemico-Biological Interactions 171, no. 3 (February 15, 2008): 283-293.

V. Prashanth Kumar et al., “Cytoprotective role of Solanum nigrum against gentamicin-induced kidney cell (Vero cells) damage in vitro,” Fitoterapia 72, no. 5 (June 2001): 481-486.

Mallika Jainu and Chennam Srinivasulu Shyamala Devi, “Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: Possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104, no. 1-2 (March 8, 2006): 156-163.

Thayer, Samuel. “Black Nightshade.” Forager’s Harvest. http://foragersharvest.com/black-nightshade-2/.

Eunice A. Olet, Manfred Heun, and Kåre A. Lye, “African crop or poisonous nightshade; the enigma of poisonous or edible black nightshade solved,” African Journal of Ecology 43, no. 2 (2005): 158-161.
Note: the authors seem to be working from the assumption that the European variants of Solanum nigrum are “highly poisonous” whereas many related species or subspecies in Africa are not, however there is no reference to back the toxicity claim.

Martin L. Cipollini and Douglas J. Levey, “Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates,” Ecology 78, no. 3 (1997): 782-798.

Wyk, Ben-Erik Van, and Nigel Gericke. 2000. People’s Plants: a Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa. Briza.

Nohara, Toshihiro, Shoji Yahara, and Junei Kinjo. 1996. “Bioactive Saponins from Solanaceous and Leguminous Plants.” In Saponins Used in Traditional and Modern Medicine, edited by George R. Waller and Kazuo Yamasaki, 404:263–76. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1367-8_24.

Pu, Youwei, Zijing Liu, Cheng Zhong, Xuyu Zhang, and Yixi Bao. 2020. “Immunomodulatory Effects of a Polysaccharide from Solanum Nigrum Linne through TLR4-MyD88 Signaling Pathway.” International Immunopharmacology 88 (November): 106973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106973.

Wang, Hsueh-Chun, Dun-Hao Wu, Yun-Ching Chang, Yi-Ju Li, and Chau-Jong Wang. 2010. “Solanum Nigrum Linn. Water Extract Inhibits Metastasis in Mouse Melanoma Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (22): 11913–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1022065.

Yang, Mon-Yuan, Chia-Hung Hung, Chun-Hua Chang, Tsui-Hwa Tseng, and Chau-Jong Wang. 2016. “Solanum Nigrum Suppress Angiogenesis-Mediated Tumor Growth Through Inhibition of the AKT/MTOR Pathway.” The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44 (06): 1273–88. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X16500713.

Razali, Faizan Naeem, Saravana Kumar Sinniah, Huzlinda Hussin, Nurhayati Zainal Abidin, and Adawiyah Suriza Shuib. 2016. “Tumor Suppression Effect of Solanum Nigrum Polysaccharide Fraction on Breast Cancer via Immunomodulation.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 92 (November): 185–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.079.

Li, Jia-Hui, Song-Ya Li, Ming-Xue Shen, Run-Ze Qiu, Hong-Wei Fan, and Ying-Bin Li. 2021. “Anti-Tumor Effects of Solanum Nigrum L. Extraction on C6 High-Grade Glioma.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 274 (June): 114034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114034.

Li, Jian, Qingwang Li, Yong Peng, Rui Zhao, Zengsheng Han, and Dawei Gao. 2010. “Protective Effects of Fraction 1a of Polysaccharides Isolated from Solanum Nigrum Linne on Thymus in Tumor-Bearing Mice.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 129 (3): 350–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.033.

Kuppuswamy Raju et al., “Effect of Dried Fruits of Solanum nigrum LINN against CCl4-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats,” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26, no. 11 (2003): 1618-1619.

Liu, Fang-Ping, Xin Ma, Min-Min Li, Zhi Li, Qing Han, Rui Li, Chang-Wen Li, Yi-Cong Chang, Chang-Wei Zhao, and Yue-Xia Lin. 2016. “Hepatoprotective Effects of Solanum Nigrum against Ethanol-Induced Injury in Primary Hepatocytes and Mice with Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase A1.” Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 79 (2): 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2015.08.013.

Jainu, Mallika, and Chennam Srinivasulu Shyamala Devi. 2006. “Antiulcerogenic and Ulcer Healing Effects of Solanum Nigrum (L.) on Experimental Ulcer Models: Possible Mechanism for the Inhibition of Acid Formation.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104 (1–2): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.064.

El-Meligy, Reham M., Amani S. Awaad, Gamal A. Soliman, Sanaa A. Kenawy, and Saleh I. Alqasoumi. 2017. “Prophylactic and Curative Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity and the Possible Mechanisms of Action of Some Desert Plants.” Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (3): 387–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.10.008.

Jainu, Mallika, and C. S. Shyamala Devi. 2004. “Antioxidant Effect of Methanolic Extract OfSolanum Nigrum Berries on Aspirin Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury.” Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 19 (1): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872391.

Maddali, Rajeswari. 2013. “Anti Gastritic and Antiulcerogenic Effects of Solanum Nigrum in Laboratory Animals.” International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 2 (January): 266. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.11.

Mureithi, Pauline M, Boniface M Kavoi, Cecilia M Onyango, and Mbaabu P Mathiu. 2020. “Antiulcerogenic Effects of Selected African Nightshades (Solanum Nigrum Linn.) Genotypes on the Rat Stomach: A Morphologic and Morphometric Study.” International Journal of Morphology 38 (4): 940–46. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022020000400940.

Shree, G G Kavitha, S Parvathi, P S S Ramkumar, and S Shanmuga Priya. 2012. “Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Anti-Ulcerogenic Potential of Solanum Nigrum.” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3 (8): 2837–40.

Zaghlool, Sameh S., Ali A. Abo-Seif, Mohamed A. Rabeh, Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen, and Basim A. S. Messiha. 2019. “Gastro-Protective and Anti-Oxidant Potential of Althaea Officinalis and Solanum Nigrum on Pyloric Ligation/Indomethacin-Induced Ulceration in Rats.” Antioxidants 8 (11): 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110512.

Atanu, Francis, Godwin Ebiloma, and Ebenezer Ajayi. 2011. “A Review of the Pharmacological Aspects of Solanum Nigrum Linn.” Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review 6 (February): 1–7.

Elango, V, O Carolin, and PS Raghu. 2012. “Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Flower Extracts of Solanum Nigrum in Rats.” Hygeia Journal For Drugs and Medicines 4 (1): 59–62.

Jain, Ramya, Anjali Sharma, Sanjay Gupta, Indira P Sarethy, and Reema Gabrani. 2011. “Solanum Nigrum: Current Perspectives on Therapeutic Properties.” Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic 16 (1): 78–85.

Kibichiy, Serem Erick, Mburu Jane, Mdachi Raymond, Korir Scolastica, Kibugu James, Kagira John, and Ngure Raphael. 2013. “Effects of Crude Extracts of Solanum Nigrum on the Liver Pathology and Survival Time in Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense Infected Mice.” https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3086.

Mandal, Suraj, Prabhakar Vishvakarma, Manjari Verma, Md Shamsher Alam, Ankur Agrawal, and Anila Mishra. 2023. “Solanum Nigrum Linn: An Analysis Of The Medicinal Properties Of The Plant.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, January, 1595–1600. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2023.14.S02.194.

Sinha, S. D., K. K. Shroff, H. J. Dhalawat, S. S. Boraste, S. P. Gandhi, and A. D. Tondare. 2008. “Solanum Nigrum Linn: A Phytopharmacological Review.” Pharmacologyonline 3 (January): 140–63.

Yeom, Young-Eun, Min Ah Kim, Jin Kim, and Chang-Moon Lee. 2019. “Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Extract of Solanum Nigrum L. on an Acute Ear Edema Mouse Model.” Materials Technology 34 (14): 851–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2019.1638671.

Welcome, A. K., and B. -E. Van Wyk. 2019. “An Inventory and Analysis of the Food Plants of Southern Africa.” South African Journal of Botany, Ethnobotany, 122 (May): 136–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.003.

Pomilio, Alicia, Elvira Falzoni, and Arturo Vitale. 2008. “Toxic Chemical Compounds of the Solanaceae.” Natural Product Communications 3 (January): 593–628.

Valcarcel, Jesus, Kim Reilly, Michael Gaffney, and Nora O’Brien. 2014. “Effect of Genotype and Environment on the Glycoalkaloid Content of Rare, Heritage, and Commercial Potato Varieties.” Journal of Food Science 79 (5): T1039–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12443.

Friedman, Mendel. 2006. “Potato Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites: Roles in the Plant and in the Diet.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (23): 8655–81. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061471t.

Al Sinani, S. S. S., and E. A. Eltayeb. 2017. “The Steroidal Glycoalkaloids Solamargine and Solasonine in Solanum Plants.” South African Journal of Botany 112 (September): 253–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.002.

Korpan, Yaroslav I., Elena A. Nazarenko, Irina V. Skryshevskaya, Claude Martelet, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, and Anna V. El’skaya. 2004. “Potato Glycoalkaloids: True Safety or False Sense of Security?” Trends in Biotechnology 22 (3): 147–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.01.009.

Osman, Ahmed Mohamed Galal, Amar G. Chittiboyina, and Ikhlas A. Khan. 2013. “Chapter 32 – Plant Toxins.” In Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (Fourth Edition), edited by J. Glenn Morris and Morris E. Potter, 435–51. Food Science and Technology. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416041-5.00032-9.

MOHY-UD-DIN, A., K. ZAHEER-UD-DIN, M. AHMAD, and M. A KASHMIRI. 2010. “Chemotaxonomic Value of Alkaloids in Solanum Nigrum Complex.” Pak. J. Bot 42 (1): 653–660.

Eldridge, Arthur C., and Mary E. Hockridge. 1983. “High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) Glycoalkaloids.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 31 (6): 1218–20. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00120a019.

Knapp, S., G. E. Barboza, L. Bohs, and T. Sarkinen. 2019. “A Revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America Andthe Caribbean,” May. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.

Ganguly, Partha, Amartya K Gupta, Upal K Majumder, and Shibnath Ghosal. 2009. “THE CHEMISTRY BEHIND THE TOXICITY OF BLACK NIGHTSHADE, – SOLANUM NIGRUM AND THE REMEDY,” 19.

Rytel, Elżbieta. 2012. “Changes in Glycoalkaloid and Nitrate Content in Potatoes during Dehydrated Dice Processing.” Food Control 25 (1): 349–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.053.

El-Ashaal, Hanan A, S. A Ghanem, F. R Melek, M. A Kohail, and S. H Hilal. 1999. “Alkaloid Production from Regenerated Solanum Plants.” Fitoterapia 70 (4): 407–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00069-6.

Eltayeb, Elsadig A., Alia S. Al-Ansari, and James G. Roddick. 1997. “Changes in the Steroidal Alkaloid Solasodine during Development of Solanum Nigrum and Solanum Incanum.” Phytochemistry 46 (3): 489–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00323-3.

Yuan, Bo, David Byrnes, Daniel Giurleo, Thomas Villani, James E. Simon, and Qingli Wu. 2018. “Rapid Screening of Toxic Glycoalkaloids and Micronutrients in Edible Nightshades (Solanum Spp.).” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 26 (2): 751–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.10.005.

Johns, Timothy, and Susan L. Keen. 1986. “Taste Evaluation of Potato Glycoalkaloids by the Aymara: A Case Study in Human Chemical Ecology.” Human Ecology 14 (4): 437–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00888308.

Cipollini, Martin L., and Douglas J. Levey. 1997. “Why Are Some Fruits Toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and Fruit Choice by Vertebrates.” Ecology 78 (3): 782–98. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0782:WASFTG]2.0.CO;2.

Omayio, Duke, George Abong, and Michael Okoth. 2016. “A Review of Occurrence of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and Potato Products.” Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 4 (3): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.4.3.05.

Chickweed (Stellaria media)

J.L. Guil Guerrero, J.J. Giménez Martı́nez, and M.E. Torija Isasa, “Mineral Nutrient Composition of Edible Wild Plants,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 11, no. 4 (December 1998): 322-328.

Artemis P. Simopoulos, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants,” Biological Research 37 (2004): 263-277.

G. T. Prance and M. Nesbitt, The Cultural history of plants (Routledge, 2005).

Cathy Sears, “How to survive the world’s worst diet,” New Scientist, February 18, 1995.

D. E. Allen and G. Hatfield, Medicinal plants in folk tradition: an ethnobotany of Britain & Ireland (Timber Press, 2004).

David Hoffmann, Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine (Healing Arts Press, 2003).

Sobey, D. G. “Stellaria Media (L.) Vill.” The Journal of Ecology 69, no. 1 (March 1981): 311. https://doi.org/10.2307/2259833.

Rani, Neerja, Neeru Vasudeva, and Surendra Kumar Sharma. “Quality Assessment and Anti-Obesity Activity of Stellaria Media (Linn.) Vill.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 2012): 1077. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-145.

Hu, Y.M., H. Wang, W.C. Ye, and L. Qian. 2009. “New Triterpenoid from Stellaria Media (L.) Cyr.” Natural Product Research 23 (14): 1274–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701642532.

Oleszek, W., and A. Marston. 2013. Saponins in Food, Feedstuffs and Medicinal Plants. Springer Science & Business Media.

Chidrawar, Vijay R., Krishnakant N. Patel, Navin R. Sheth, Shruti S. Shiromwar, and Piyush Trivedi. 2011. “Antiobesity Effect of Stellaria Media against Drug Induced Obesity in Swiss Albino Mice.” Ayu 32 (4): 576–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.96137.

Oladeji, Oluwole Solomon, and Abel Kolawole Oyebamiji. “Stellaria Media (L.) Vill.- A Plant with Immense Therapeutic Potentials: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.” Heliyon 6, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): e04150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04150.

Lásztity, Radomir, Máté Hidvégi, and Árpád Bata. “Saponins in Food.” Food Reviews International 14, no. 4 (November 1998): 371–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129809541169.

Bartnik, M., and P.C. Facey. “Glycosides.” In Pharmacognosy, 101–61. Elsevier, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802104-0.00008-1.

Cleavers (Galium aparine)

Doris Hexsel, Cecilia Orlandi, and Debora Zechmeister do Prado, “Botanical Extracts Used in the Treatment of Cellulite,” Dermatologic Surgery 31 (2005): 866-873.

Margaret Grieve, A Modern Herbal (Botanical.com, 1995 (first published 1931)), http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cliver74.html.

Cleavers also contains a substance known as asperuloside which has been associated with anti-obesity qualities. See: Ken Fern, “Galium aparine Goosegrass,” PFAF Plant Database, n.d., http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+aparine and T. Hirata et al., “Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 1786-1791.

Ken Fern, “Galium aparine Goosegrass,” PFAF Plant Database, n.d., http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+aparine.

Laanet, Pille-Riin, Piret Saar-Reismaa, Piia Jõul, Olga Bragina, and Merike Vaher. 2023. “Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Estonian Galium Species.” Molecules 28 (6): 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062867.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

“USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference,” USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory, n.d., http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.

Chaoyang Li et al., “Serum {alpha}-Carotene Concentrations and Risk of Death Among US Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study,” Arch Intern Med 171, no. 6 (2011): 507-515.

Katrin Schütz, Reinhold Carle, and Andreas Schieber, “Taraxacum—A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107, no. 3 (October 11, 2006): 313-323.

Sophia C Sigstedt et al., “Evaluation of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on growth and invasion of breast and prostate cancer cells.,” International Journal of Oncology 32, no. 5 (2008): 1085–1090.

S. J Chatterjee et al., “The Efficacy of Dandelion Root Extract in Inducing Apoptosis in Drug-Resistant Human Melanoma Cells,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011), http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/129045.

P. Ovadje et al., “Selective induction of apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 in human leukemia cells (Jurkat) by dandelion root extract,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133, no. 1 (January 7, 2011): 86-91.

Chan, Gill Young, and Hee Jung Kim. 2011. “Antimicrobial Effects of Extracts of Taraxacum Officinale H. on Acnes Strains”. 국제통합대체의학회지. http://www.papersearch.net/view/detail.asp?detail_key=1r200072.

Sweeney, Brooke, Mamta Vora, Catherine Ulbricht, and Ethan Basch. 2005. “Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Dandelion ( Taraxacum Officinale ) by Natural Standard Research Collaboration.” Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 5 (1): 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/J157v05n01_09.

Moldenke, Harold N., and Alma L. Moldenke. 2017. Plants Of The Bible. Routledge.

Oliveira, Ana Isabel, Cláudia Pinho, Filipa Quintela Vieira, Regina Silva, and Agostinho Cruz. 2022. “Taraxacum Spp. in Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Activity – A Review.” Journal of Herbal Medicine 36 (December): 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100612.

Kania-Dobrowolska, Małgorzata, and Justyna Baraniak. 2022. “Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale L.) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds Supporting the Therapy of Co-Existing Diseases in Metabolic Syndrome.” Foods 11 (18): 2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182858.

Fat Hen (Chenopodium album)

“USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference,” USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory, n.d., http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.

S Kumar and D Kumar, “Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of edible weeds,” African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 9, no. 5 (2009): 1174-1190.

C. C Baskin and J. M Baskin, Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination (Academic Press, 2000), p 145

Paraskev Nedialkov, Stefan Nikolov, and Zlatina Kokanova-Nedialkova, “The genus chenopodium: Phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology,” Phcog Rev 3 (2009): 280-306.

“The Truth about Melbourne,” The Age, September 6, 1965.

Kokanova-Nedialkova, Zlatina, Paraskev Nedialkov, and Stefan Nikolov. 2009. “The Genus Chenopodium: Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacology.” Pharmacognosy Reviews 3 (July): 280–306.

Jabbar, Abdul, Muhammad Arfan Zaman, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Yaseen, and Asim Shamim. 2007. “Anthelmintic Activity of Chenopodium Album (L.) and Caesalpinia Crista (L.) against Trichostrongylid Nematodes of Sheep.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (1): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.027.

Lone, Bashir A., M. Z. Chishti, Fayaz Ahmad Bhat, Hidayatullah Tak, Suhaib A. Bandh, and Abida Khan. 2017. “Evaluation of Anthelmintic Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Chenopodium Album.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 49 (8): 1597–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1364-y.

Poonia, Amrita, and Ashutosh Upadhayay. 2015. “Chenopodium Album Linn: Review of Nutritive Value and Biological Properties.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 52 (7): 3977–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1553-x.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

“Full text of ‘The School of Salernum = Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum’,” archive.org, http://www.archive.org/stream/schoolofsalernum00regiuoft/schoolofsalernum00regiuoft_djvu.txt.

Medical Economics Company, PDR for herbal medicines (Medical Economics Company, 2000).

Francesco Savino et al., “A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil®) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants,” Phytotherapy Research 19, no. 4 (2005): 335-340.

Gurdip Singh et al., “Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extract,” Food Control 17, no. 9 (September 2006): 745-752.

Diao, Wen-Rui, Qing-Ping Hu, Hong Zhang, and Jian-Guo Xu. 2014. “Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil from Seeds of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.).” Food Control 35 (1): 109–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.056.

Gallant Soldier (Galinsoga parviflora)

Frontiers | Nutritional and Functional Properties of Wild Leafy Vegetables for Improving Food Security in Southern Angola.” n.d. Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2021.791705/full.

Nesbitt, Mark, and Sir Ghillean Prance. 2005. The Cultural History of Plants. Taylor & Francis.

Morris, Brian. 1989. “Medicines and Herbalism in Malaŵi.” The Society of Malawi Journal 42 (2): 34–54.

Balogun, Fatai, and Anofi Ashafa. 2019. “A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension.” Planta Medica 85 (04): 312–34. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0801-8771.

[vi] Ripanda, Asha, Amos Luanda, Khalfani S. Sule, Geoffrey S. Mtabazi, and John J. Makangara. 2023. “Galinsoga Parviflora (Cav.): A Comprehensive Review on Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies.” Heliyon 9 (2): e13517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13517.

Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia)

“Anredera Cordifolia.” n.d. Biosecurity Queensland – Lucid Key. Accessed July 2, 2023. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/demo/js_player/sew2/text/anredera_cordifolia.htm.

Xu, Yuan, Dan Liang, Gang-Tao Wang, Jun Wen, and Rui-Jiang Wang. 2020. “Nutritional and Functional Properties of Wild Food-Medicine Plants From the Coastal Region of South China.” Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine 25 (January): 2515690X20913267. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20913267.

Kelen, Marília E. B., Iana S. V. Nouhuys, Lia C. Kehl, Paulo Brack, and Débora B. da Silva. 2015. “PLANTAS ALIMENTÍCIAS NÃO CONVENCIONAIS (PANCs).” Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Tsai, Jeng-Yu, Jong-Khing Huang, Tony T Wu, and Ying Huei Lee. 2005. “Comparison of Oxalate Content in Foods and Beverages in Taiwan.”

Alba, Thainara, Carla Pelegrin, and Andréa Sobottka. 2020. “Ethnobotany, Ecology, Pharmacology, and Chemistry of Anredera Cordifolia (Basellaceae): A Review.” Rodriguésia 71 (January). https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202071060.

Lu, Zhaocen, Hailing Chen, Chunrui Lin, Gui Ou, Junsheng Li, and Weibin Xu. 2022. “Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants Used by the Yao People in Gongcheng County, Guangxi, China.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 18 (June): 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00544-6.

Srithi, Kamonnate, Chusie Trisonthi, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, and Henrik Balslev. 2012. “Medicinal Plants Used in Hmong Women’s Healthcare in Northern Thailand.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (1): 119–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.028.

Saputri, Lisa Oktaviona, Dania Tamimmi, Renita Rahma Chairu Nisa, Nabila Hardina Rossah, Afsal Unnisa Rachman, and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati. 2022. “Binahong Leaf Extract (Anredera Cordifolia) Mucoadhesive Patch as an Alternative Therapy for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.” Odonto : Dental Journal 9 (2): 168. https://doi.org/10.30659/odj.9.2.168-182.

Salim, Angeline, Dandy Felix Kristanto, Felicia Subianto, Janice Evita Sundah, Putri Avanny Jamaica, Tiara Angelika, and Nurul Fajry Maulida. 2021. “Phytochemical Screening and Therapeutic Effects of Binahong (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Leaves.” Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences, November, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.54250/ijls.v3i2.125.

Meyer, J. J. M. (Jacobus Johannes Marion), and Thilivhali Emmanuel Tshikalange. 2002. “The Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants to Treat Sexually Transmitted Diseases.” https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/82507.

Vivian-Smith, Gabrielle, Ben Lawson, Ian Turnbull, and Paul Downey. 2007. “The Biology of Australian Weeds. 46. Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis.” Plant Protection Quarterly 22 (January): 2–10.

Palmer, W. A., E. L. Snow, and K. Dhileepan. 2014. “Biological Control of the Environmental Weed Madeira Vine in Australia.” Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Kruger National Park, South Africa, 2-7 March 2014. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173070963.

Mallow (Malva species)

James Duke, “Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases”, n.d., http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/.

Horace, “‘The Odes’ Book I,” trans. A.S. Kline, 30 BC (translation 2003), http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/HoraceOdesBkI.htm.

Larry W. Mitich, “Cheeseweed: The Common Mallows,” Weed Technology 4, no. 3 (1990): 693-695.

CL Quave, A Pierone, and BC Bennett, “Dermatological remedies in the traditional pharmacopoeia of Vulture-Alto Bradano, inland southern Italy,” J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 4, no. 5 (2008).

Dioscorides Pedanius, The Greek herbal of Dioscorides, ed. R. T Gunther, trans. John Goodyer (Hafner Publishing Co., 1933).

João Cleverson Gasparetto et al., “Ethnobotanical and scientific aspects of Malva sylvestris L.: a millennial herbal medicine,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 64, no. 2 (2012): 172-189.

F. J Richardson, R. G Richardson, and R. C Shepherd, Weeds of the South-East: An Identification Guide for Australia, 2nd ed. (R.G. and F.J. Richardson, 2011).

Dugani, Aisha, Bushra Dakhil, and Soad Treesh. 2016. “Protective Effect of the Methanolic Extract of Malva Parviflora L. Leaves on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats.” Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 22 (3): 226–33. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.182459.

Gürbüz, Ilhan, Ayse Mine Özkan, Erdem Yesilada, and Osman Kutsal. 2005. “Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Some Plants Used in Folk Medicine of Pinarbasi (Kayseri, Turkey).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (1): 313–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.015.

Hamedi, Azadeh, Hossein Rezaei, Negar Azarpira, Mehrnaz Jafarpour, and Fatemeh Ahmadi. 2016. “Effects of Malva Sylvestris and Its Isolated Polysaccharide on Experimental Ulcerative Colitis in Rats.” Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 21 (1): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215589184.

Sleiman, N. H., and C. F. Daher. 2009. “Malva Sylvestris Water Extract: A Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Ulcerogenic Remedy.” Planta Medica 75 (9): PH10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1234727.

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus)

David Bruce Leonard, “Medicine at your Feet: Healing Plants of the Hawaiian Kingdom Tropaeolum majus (Pohe Haole)” (Roast Duck Producktion, 2006).

Chevallier, A. 1996. Encyclopedia of herbal medicine. DK Pub. p. 276

Butnariu, Monica, and Cristian Bostan. 2011. “Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the volatile oil compounds from Tropaeolum majus L. (Nasturtium).” African Journal of Biotechnology 10 (31): 5900-5909.

Duke, J. A, M. J Bogenschutz-Godwin, and A. R Ottesen. 2008. Duke’s handbook of medicinal plants of Latin America. Taylor & Francis.

Yang, Yang-Ming, C. Clifford Conaway, J. W. Chiao, Chung-Xiou Wang, Shantu Amin, John Whysner, Wei Dai, Joel Reinhardt, and Fung-Lung Chung. 2002. “Inhibition of Benzo(a)pyrene-induced Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice by Dietary N-Acetylcysteine Conjugates of Benzyl and Phenethyl Isothiocyanates during the Postinitiation Phase Is Associated with Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases and p53 Activity and Induction of Apoptosis.” Cancer Research 62 (1) (January 1): 2 -7

Kim, Eun, Ji Hong, Soon Eom, Jae-Yong Lee, and Jung Park. 2011. “Oral administration of benzyl-isothiocyanate inhibits solid tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 130 (1) (November 1): 61-71. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1299-8.

Niizu, P.Y., and Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya. 2005. “Flowers and Leaves of Tropaeolum majus L. as Rich Sources of Lutein.” Journal of Food Science 70 (9): S605-S609. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb08336.x.

Gasparotto Junior, Arquimedes, Marcos Aurelio Boffo, Emerson Luiz Botelho Lourenço, Maria Elida Alves Stefanello, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya, and Maria Consuelo Andrade Marques. 2009. “Natriuretic and diuretic effects of Tropaeolum majus (Tropaeolaceae) in rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122 (3) (April 21): 517-522. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.021.

Gasparotto Junior, Arquimedes, Francielly Mourão Gasparotto, Emerson Luiz Botelho Lourenço, Sandra Crestani, Maria Elida Alves Stefanello, Marcos José Salvador, José Eduardo da Silva-Santos, Maria Consuelo Andrade Marques, and Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya. 2011. “Antihypertensive effects of isoquercitrin and extracts from Tropaeolum majus L.: Evidence for the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (2) (March 24): 363-372. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.026.

Albrecht, Uwe, Karl-Heinz Goos, and Berthold Schneider. 2007. “A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a herbal medicinal product containing Tropaeoli majoris herba (Nasturtium) and Armoraciae rusticanae radix (Horseradish) for the prophylactic treatment of patients with chronically recurrent lower urinary tract infections.” Curr Med Res Opin 23 (10): 2415-2422. doi:10.1185/030079907X233089.

Pieroni, A., V. Janiak, C. M. Dürr, S. Lüdeke, E. Trachsel, and M. Heinrich. 2002. “In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Non-cultivated Vegetables of Ethnic Albanians in Southern Italy.” Phytotherapy Research 16 (5): 467–473. doi:10.1002/ptr.1243.

Dinh, Thao Nhu, Marie-Odile Parat, Yong Sze Ong, and Kooi Yeong Khaw. 2021. “Anticancer Activities of Dietary Benzyl Isothiocyanate: A Comprehensive Review.” Pharmacological Research 169 (July): 105666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105666.

Wu, Xiang, Qing-hua Zhou, and Ke Xu. 2009. “Are Isothiocyanates Potential Anti-Cancer Drugs?” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 30 (5): 501–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2009.50.

Aguilar-Villanueva, Daniel Anderson, Sandra Patricia Avalos-Murga, Percy Rojas-Plasencia, Isabel Marquillo-Bartra, and María Soledad Ayala-Ravelo. 2017. “Effect of the Ethanol Extract of Tropaeolum Majus (Cress) upon Trichophyton Mentagrophites-Induced Mycosis in Rattus Norvegicus.” Acta Médica Peruana 34 (3): 196–202.

Choi, Kyu-Duck, Hee-Yeon Kim, and Il-Shik Shin. 2017. “Antifungal Activity of Isothiocyanates Extracted from Horseradish (Armoracia Rusticana) Root against Pathogenic Dermal Fungi.” Food Science and Biotechnology 26 (3): 847–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0104-4.

Da Cruz, Ritiel Corrêa, Laura Bedin Denardi, Natalia Jank Mossmann, Mariana Piana, Sydney Hartz Alves, and Marli Matiko Anraku De Campos. 2016. “Antimicrobial Activity and Chromatographic Analysis of Extracts from Tropaeolum Pentaphyllum Lam. Tubers.” Molecules 21 (5): 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050566.

Pereira, Cheila, Ana Margarida Calado, and Ana Cristina Sampaio. 2020. “The Effect of Benzyl Isothiocyanate on Candida Albicans Growth, Cell Size, Morphogenesis, and Ultrastructure.” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 36 (10): 153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02929-9.

Yamada, N., W. Murata, Y. Yamaguchi, K.‐I. Fujita, A. Ogita, and T. Tanaka. 2021. “Enhancing the Fungicidal Activity of Amphotericin B via Vacuole Disruption by Benzyl Isothiocyanate, a Cruciferous Plant Constituent.” Letters in Applied Microbiology 72 (4): 390–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13425.

Evans, Jennifer R, and John G Lawrenson. 2017. “Antioxidant Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for Slowing the Progression of Age‐related Macular Degeneration.” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 (7): CD000254. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4.

Albrecht, Uwe, Rainer Stangeb, and Nadine Schermuly. 2020. “Efficacy and Safety of The Herbal Combination Containing Tropaeoli Majoris Herba and Armoraciae Rusticanae Radix in Patients Suffering from Uncomplicated, Acute Rhinosinusitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Two-Arm, Parallel Group, Phase.” Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion 3 (10): 665–81. https://doi.org/10.15520/jcmro.v3i10.350.

Albrecht, Uwe, Ulrich Stefenelli, and Rainer Stange. 2023. “A Combination of Tropaeolum Majus Herb and Armoracia Rusticana Root for the Treatment of Acute Bronchitis.” Phytomedicine 116 (July): 154838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154838.

Fintelmann, Volker, Uwe Albrecht, Gregor Schmitz, and Jörg Schnitker. 2012. “Efficacy and Safety of a Combination Herbal Medicinal Product Containing Tropaeoli Majoris Herba and Armoraciae Rusticanae Radix for the Prophylactic Treatment of Patients with Respiratory Tract Diseases: A Randomised, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial.” Current Medical Research and Opinion 28 (11): 1799–1807. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2012.742048.

Nettle (Urtica urens)

Afolayan, A. J., and F. O. Jimoh. 2008. “Nutritional Quality of Some Wild Leafy Vegetables in South Africa.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60 (5): 424–431. doi:10.1080/09637480701777928.

Watts, Donald. 2007. Dictionary of Plant Lore. Elsevier/AP.

Mitich, Larry W. 1994. “The Nettles.” Weed Technology 6 (4): 1039–1041.

Grieve, Margaret. 1995. A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com. http://www.botanical.com. (first published 1931)

Kavalali, G. M. 2003. Urtica: Therapeutic and Nutritional Aspects of Stinging Nettles. Taylor & Francis.

Randall, C., H. Randall, F. Dobbs, C. Hutton, and H. Sanders. 2000. “Randomized Controlled Trial of Nettle Sting for Treatment of Base-of-thumb Pain.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 93 (6): 305–309.

Alford, L. 2007. “The Use of Nettle Stings for Pain.” Altern Ther Health Med. 13 (6): 58.

Safarinejad, M. R. 2005. “Urtica Dioica for Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.” Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 5 (4): 1–11.

UMMC. “Stinging Nettle.” University of Maryland Medical Center. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/stinging-nettle-000275.htm.

Mittman, Paul. 2007. “Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Freeze-Dried Urtica Dioica in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.” Planta Medica 56 (01) (January 5): 44–47. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960881.

Clark, F. P. 1993. “Tree Nettle (Urtica Ferox) Poisoning.” New Zealand Medical Journal 106: 234–234.

Pagano, Ester, Massimiliano Laudato, Michele Griffo, and Raffaele Capasso. 2014. “Phytotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. A Minireview.” Phytotherapy Research 28 (7): 949–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5084.

Emmelin, N., and W. Feldberg. 1947. “The Mechanism of the Sting of the Common Nettle (Urtica Urens).” The Journal of Physiology 106 (4): 440–55.

Roschek, Bill, Ryan C. Fink, Matthew McMichael, and Randall S. Alberte. 2009. “Nettle Extract (Urtica Dioica) Affects Key Receptors and Enzymes Associated with Allergic Rhinitis.” Phytotherapy Research 23 (7): 920–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2763.

Oxalis (Oxalis spp.)

Badwaik, Hemant, Mukesh Singh, Deepa Thakur, Tapan Giri, and D. Tripathi. 2011. “The Botany, Chemistry, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Application of Oxalis Corniculata Linn– A Review.” International Journal of Phytomedicine 3 (1). http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/article/view/268.

Grieve, Margaret. 1995. A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com. http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cliver74.html.

Handali, Somayeh, and Hyam Hosseini. 2011. “Formulation and evaluation of an antibacterial cream from Oxalis corniculata aqueous extract.” Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 4 (4): 255-260.

Sharangouda, K, and SB Patil. 2007. “Antiimplantation and abortifacient activities of Oxalis corniculata in albino rats.” Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 11: 58-60.

Millerd, Adele, R. K. Morton, and J. R. E. Wells. 1963. “Oxalic Acid Synthesis in Shoots of Oxalis Pes-Caprae (L.).” Biochemical Journal 86 (1): 57–62.

Taranalli, A. D., S. V. Tipare, Shiv Kumar, and S. S. Torgal. 2004. “Wound Healing Activity Of Oxalis Corniculata Whole Plant Extract In Rats.” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66 (4): 444.

Kathiriya, Anil Kumar, K. Das, E. P. Kumar, and K. B. Mathai. 2010. “Evaluation of Antitumor and Antioxidant Activity of Oxalis Corniculata Linn. against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma on Mice.” International Journal of Cancer Management 3 (4). https://brieflands.com/articles/ijcm-80710#abstract.

Waly, Mostafa I. 2019. “Medicinal Plants Sensitizes Colon Tissue to Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer.” The FASEB Journal 33 (S1): 476.32-476.32. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.476.32.

Waly, Mostafa Ibrahim. 2021. “Protective Effect of Oxalis Corniculate and Pteropyrum Scoparium Leaves Extracts against Azoxymethane-Induced Oxidative Stress and Colon Carcinogenesis.” Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 26 (1): 47–52.

Achola, K. J., J. W. Mwangi, and R. W. Munenge. 1995. “Pharmacological Activity of Oxalis Corniculata.” Pharmaceutical Biology 33 (3): 247–49. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209509065372.

Handali, Somayeh, and Hyam Hosseini. 2011. “Formulation and Evaluation of an Antibacterial Cream from Oxalis Corniculata Aqueous Extract.” Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 4 (4): 255–60.

Hamzah, Hasyrul, Khalish Arsy Al Khairy Siregar, Ari Nurwijayanto, Retno Wahyuningrum, and Seftika Sari. 2021. “Effectiveness of Oxalis Corniculata L. Ethanol Extract against Mono-Species of Biofilm Staphylococcus Aureus.” Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 4 (3): 184–91. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v4i3.2418.

Misrahanum, Misrahanum, Syarifah Dhea Almunawwarah, Hira Helwati, Hilda Maysarah, and Sadli Sadli. 2021. “Antimicrobial Activity Jangjingki (Oxalis Corniculata L.) Against The Growth Of Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, and Candida Albicans.” Journal of Pharmaceutical And Sciences 4 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v4i1.58.

Patil, Sharangouda J., and Saraswati B. Patil. 2012. “Effect of Oxalis Corniculata Whole Plant Extracts on Fertility Regulation in Female Albino Rats.” Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 3 (01): 58–61.

Plantain (Plantago spp.)

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Vaughan, Karen. 2009. Plantain, And How to Make A Spit Poultice. Acupuncture and Herbs. August 18. http://www.acupuncturebrooklyn.com/articles-by-karen-vaughan/plantain-and-how-to-make-a-spit-poultice.

Gomez-Flores, R., C. L. Calderon, L. W. Scheibel, P. Tamez-Guerra, C. Rodriguez-Padilla, R. Tamez-Guerra, and R. J. Weber. 2000. “Immunoenhancing properties of Plantago major leaf extract.” Phytotherapy Research 14 (8): 617-622. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::AID-PTR674>3.0.CO;2-N.

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Mao-ye, Wang, and An Li-guo. 2001. “Effects of Plantago major L. seeds extract on endurance exercise capacity in mice.” J. Med. Plants Res. 5 (9): 1659-1663.

Bottema, S., G. Entjes-Nieborg, W. Zeist, International Union for Quaternary Research, and Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. Biologisch-Archeologisch Instituut. 1990. Man’s role in the shaping of the eastern Mediterranean landscape: proceedings of the INQUA/BAI Symposium on the Impact of Ancient Man on the Landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the Near East, Groningen, Netherlands, 6-9 March 1989. A.A. Balkema. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jPY5pbh8cTUC

Gonçalves, Sandra, and Anabela Romano. 2016. “The Medicinal Potential of Plants from the Genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae).” Industrial Crops and Products 83 (May): 213–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.038.

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Vera-Ku, Marina, Martha Méndez-González, Rosa Moo-Puc, Miguel Rosado-Vallado, Paulino Simá-Polanco, Roberto Cedillo-Rivera, and Sergio R. Peraza-Sánchez. 2010. “Medicinal Potions Used against Infectious Bowel Diseases in Mayan Traditional Medicine.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132 (1): 303–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.040.

Ghanadian, Mustafa, Rasool Soltani, Alireza Homayouni, Farzin Khorvash, Soroush Mohammadi Jouabadi, and Moein Abdollahzadeh. 2022. “The Effect of Plantago Major Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Healing of Diabetic Foot and Pressure Ulcers: A Randomized Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial.” The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, January, 15347346211070724. https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211070723.

Ghiasian, Masoud, Zahra Niroomandi, Dara Dastan, Jalal Poorolajal, Fateme Zare, and Sara Ataei. 2021. “Clinical and Phytochemical Studies of Plantago Major in Pressure Ulcer Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 43 (May): 101325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325.

Najafian, Younes, Zahra M. Khorasani, Mona N. Najafi, Shokouh S. Hamedi, Marjan Mahjour, and Zohre Feyzabadi. 2019. “Efficacy of Aloe Vera/ Plantago Major Gel in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.” Current Drug Discovery Technologies 16 (2): 223–31. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180115093007.

Baghizadeh, Atiyeh, Ali Davati, Ali Jafari Heidarloo, Fatemeh Emadi, and Jale Aliasl. 2021. “Efficacy of Plantago Major Seed in Management of Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Clinical Trial.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 44 (August): 101444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101444.

Fernández-Bañares, F, J Hinojosa, J. L Sánchez-Lombraña, E Navarro, J. F Martı́nez-Salmerón, A Garcı́a-Pugés, F González-Huix, et al. 1999. “Randomized Clinical Trial of Plantago Ovata Seeds (Dietary Fiber) as Compared with Mesalamine in Maintaining Remission in Ulcerative Colitis.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 94 (2): 427–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(98)00753-9.

Canciani, Mario, Vitalia Murgia, Davide Caimmi, Sreedhar Anapurapu, Amelia Licari, and Gian Luigi Marseglia. 2014. “Efficacy of Grintuss® Pediatric Syrup in Treating Cough in Children: A Randomized, Multicenter, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” Italian Journal of Pediatrics 40 (1): 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-40-56.

Carnevali, Ilaria, Rita La Paglia, Lara Pauletto, Floriana Raso, Marco Testa, Carmen Mannucci, Emanuela Elisa Sorbara, and Gioacchino Calapai. 2021. “Efficacy and Safety of the Syrup ‘KalobaTUSS®’ as a Treatment for Cough in Children: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” BMC Pediatrics 21 (1): 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02490-2.

Nuñez, Carlos, María Cristina Chiatti, Francesco Tansella, Cristóbal Coronel, and Ester Risco. 2022. “Efficacy and Tolerability of SEDIFLÙ® in Treating Dry or Productive Cough in the Paediatric Population (SEPEDIA). A Pilot, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Clinical Trial.” Preprint. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2212898/v1.

Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)

Rodriguez-Fragoso, Lourdes, Jorge Reyes-Esparza, Scott W. Burchiel, Dea Herrera-Ruiz, and Eliseo Torres. 2008. “Risks and Benefits of Commonly Used Herbal Medicines in Mexico.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 227 (1) (February 15): 125–135. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005

Garcia, Anna R. 2001. “Meta-Analysis: Effects of Opuntia Species.” Health Science Center at Fort Worth: University of North Texas. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b498451a0ac45d390eae92d58aaab48e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.

Ramirez, Gilbert, and Christine Aguilar. 1995. “The Effect of Opuntia in Lowering Serum Glucose Among NIDDM Patients A Systematic Review-Preliminary Findings.” Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development, 71–78.

Godard, Michael P., Beth A. Ewing, Ivo Pischel, Andreas Ziegler, Birgit Benedek, and Björn Feistel. 2010. “Acute Blood Glucose Lowering Effects and Long-Term Safety of OpunDia^TM Supplementation in Pre-Diabetic Males and Females.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (3): 631–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.047.

Coutiño-Laguna, Beatriz C., Marisol Cruz-Requena, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Karla L. Segura-Almaraz, Stephany N. Chávez-García, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, and Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera. 2021. “Opuntia Fiber and Its Health-Related Beneficial Properties.” In Opuntia Spp.: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Industrial Applications, edited by Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Tamer E. Moussa Ayoub, and Sascha Rohn, 299–330. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78444-7_13.

Bone, Kerry, and Simon Mills, eds. 2013. “Principles of Herbal Pharmacology.” In Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (Second Edition), 17–82. Saint Louis: Churchill Livingstone. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5.

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“Opuntia (Prickly Pear Cactus, Rabbit Ears Cactus, Tree Cactus) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox.” n.d. Accessed June 18, 2023. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/opuntia/#poison.

Rodrigues, Carolina, Camila Damásio de Paula, Soufiane Lahbouki, Abdelilah Meddich, Abdelkader Outzourhit, Mohamed Rashad, Luigi Pari, Isabel Coelhoso, Ana Luísa Fernando, and Victor G. L. Souza. 2023. “Opuntia Spp.: An Overview of the Bioactive Profile and Food Applications of This Versatile Crop Adapted to Arid Lands.” Foods 12 (7): 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071465.

Madrigal-Santillán, Eduardo, Jacqueline Portillo-Reyes, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Jeannett A. Izquierdo-Vega, Julieta Izquierdo-Vega, Luis Delgado-Olivares, et al. 2022. “Opuntia Spp. in Human Health: A Comprehensive Summary on Its Pharmacological, Therapeutic and Preventive Properties. Part 2.” Plants 11 (18): 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182333.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

A P Simopoulos et al., “Common purslane: a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 11, no. 4 (August 1992): 374-382.

Artemis P Simopoulos, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants,” Biological Research 37 (2004): 263-277.

Mohamed, Ali I., and Ahmed S. Hussein. 1994. “Chemical Composition of Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea).” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 45 (1) (January 1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/BF01091224.

Liu, Lixia, Peter Howe, Ye-Fang Zhou, Zhi-Qiang Xu, Charles Hocart, and Ren Zhang. 2000. “Fatty Acids and Β-carotene in Australian Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) Varieties.” Journal of Chromatography A 893 (1) (September 29): 207–213. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00747-0.

Gorske, S. F., A. M. Rhodes, and H. J. Hopen. 1979. “A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Portulaca oleracea.” Weed Science 27 (1) (January 1): 96-102.

Byrne, Roger, and J. H. McAndrews. 1975. “Pre-Columbian Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L) in the New World.” Nature 253 (5494) (February 27): 726–727. doi:10.1038/253726a0.

Chapman, Jefferson, Robert Stewart, and Richard Yarnell. 1973. “Archaeological Evidence for Precolumbian Introduction of Portulaca Oleracea and Mollugo Verticillata into Eastern North America.” Economic Botany 28 (4) (October 1): 411–412. doi:10.1007/BF02862857.

Smyth, Robert B. 1878. The Aborigines of Victoria. J. Ferres, gov’t printer. http://openlibrary.org/books/OL22877095M/The_aborigines_of_Victoria_with_notes_relating_to_the_habits_of_the_natives_of_other_parts_of_Australia_and_Tasmania.

Pain, Stephanie. 1988. “The Healthiest Restaurant in Australia.” New Scientist, August 12.

Maiden, Joseph Henry. 1889. The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania). The Technological Museum of New South Wales. http://www.archive.org/stream/usefulnativeplan1889maid/usefulnativeplan1889maid_djvu.txt.

Rashed, A.N, F.U Afifi, and A.M Disi. 2003. “Simple Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of a Crude Extract of Portulaca Oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus Musculus JVI-1.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88 (2–3): 131 – 136. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00194-6.

Chan, K., M.W Islam, M. Kamil, R. Radhakrishnan, M.N.M Zakaria, M. Habibullah, and A. Attas. 2000. “The Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Portulaca Oleracea L. Subsp. Sativa (Haw.) Celak.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (3): 445 – 451. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00318-4.

Collins, Pat. 1998. Useful Weeds At Our Doorstep. Total Health & Education Centre.

Lucas, Michel, Fariba Mirzaei, Eilis J O’Reilly, An Pan, Walter C Willett, Ichiro Kawachi, Karestan Koenen, and Alberto Ascherio. 2011. “Dietary Intake of N−3 and N−6 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Clinical Depression in Women: a 10-y Prospective Follow-up Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (6): 1337–1343.

Yehuda, Shlomo, Sharon Rabinovitz, and David I. Mostofsky. 2005. “Mixture of Essential Fatty Acids Lowers Test Anxiety.” Nutritional Neuroscience 8 (4): 265–267.

Nemzer, Boris, Fadwa Al-Taher, and Nebiyu Abshiru. 2020. “Phytochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Different Plant Parts in Two Cultivated and Wild Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) Genotypes.” Food Chemistry 320 (August): 126621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126621.

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Deane, Katherine H. O., Oluseyi F. Jimoh, Priti Biswas, Alex O’Brien, Sarah Hanson, Asmaa S. Abdelhamid, Chris Fox, and Lee Hooper. 2021. “Omega-3 and Polyunsaturated Fat for Prevention of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 218 (3): 135–42. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.234.

Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)

Gerard, J. 1597. The Herball, Or Generall Historie of Plantes. by Edm. Bollifant, for Bonham. http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/gerarde/high/IMG_0798.html

Formisano, Carmen, Daniela Rigano, Felice Senatore, Maurizio Bruno, and Sergio Rosselli. 2010. “Volatile Constituents of the Aerial Parts of White Salsify (Tragopogon Porrifolius L., Asteraceae).” Natural Product Research 24 (7): 663–668. doi:10.1080/14786410903172106.

Dembinski, Michael. 2007. “Giant Dandelion Clocks.” W-wa Jeziorki. http://jeziorki.blogspot.com.au/2007/06/giant-dandelion-clocks_09.html.

Beirão-da-Costa, Maria, Isabel Januario, F. SIMÃO, and António Leitão. 2009. “Characterisation of Inulin from Chicory and Salsify Cultivated in Portugal.” Alimentos e Nutrição 16 (February).

Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)

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Vilela, Fabiana C., Andressa D. Bitencourt, Layla D.M. Cabral, Lidiane S. Franqui, Roseli Soncini, and Alexandre Giusti-Paiva. 2010. “Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Sonchus Oleraceus in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127 (3) (February 17): 737–741. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.030.

Mitich, L. W. 1988. “Thistles. II. Sonchus and Centaurea.” Weed Technology : a Journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 2(3) p. 380-381 (July). http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1989/US/US89329.xml;US8923488.

Culpeper, Nicholas. 1652. The English Physitian. Printed by Peter Cole, at the sign of the Printing-Press in Cornhil, near the Royal Exchange.

Mike Sutton, “The Spinach, Popeye, Iron, Decimal Error Myth is Finally Busted,” BestThinking, December 15, 2010, http://www.bestthinking.com/articles/science/chemistry/biochemistry/the-spinach-popeye-iron-decimal-error-myth-is-finally-busted.

José Luis Guil-Guerrero et al., “Nutritional composition of Sonchus species (S asperL, S oleraceusL and S tenerrimusL),” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 76, no. 4 (1998): 628-632.

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Gott, Beth. 2008. “Indigenous Use of Plants in South-eastern Australia.” Telopea 12 (2): 215–226.

Gott, Beth, and J.H. Willis. 1986. “Could Sow-Thistles Be Native? A Re-appraisal”. Unpublished.

Alothman, Esraa A., Amani S. Awaad, Amal A. Safhi, Shekhah S. Almoqren, Reham M. El-Meligy, Yara M. Zain, Fatmah A. Alasmary, and Saleh I. Alqasoumi. 2018. “Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer and Ulcerative Colitis of Sonchus Oleraceus L.” Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 26 (7): 956–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.05.004.

Chen, Lei, Xiaoyun Fan, Xiujun Lin, Liu Qian, Gokhan Zengin, Dominique Delmas, Paolo Paoli, Hui Teng, and Jianbo Xiao. 2020. “Phenolic Extract from Sonchus Oleraceus L. Protects Diabetes-Related Liver Injury in Rats through TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.” eFood 1 (1): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.2991/efood.k.191018.002.

Li, Qi, Dan-Dan Dong, Qiu-Ping Huang, Jing Li, Yong-Yong Du, Bin Li, Huan-Qing Li, and Ting Huyan. 2017. “The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sonchus Oleraceus Aqueous Extract on Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells and Mice.” Pharmaceutical Biology 55 (1): 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1280514.

Salim, Nesrein S., Mohamed Abdel-Alim, Huda E. M. Said, and Mohamed F. Foda. 2023. “Phenolic Profiles, Antihyperglycemic, Anti-Diabetic, and Antioxidant Properties of Egyptian Sonchus Oleraceus Leaves Extract: An In Vivo Study.” Molecules 28 (17): 6389. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176389.

“β-Carotene.” 2023. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Carotene&oldid=1171925706.

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Afolayan, A. J., and F. O. Jimoh. 2008. “Nutritional Quality of Some Wild Leafy Vegetables in South Africa.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60 (5): 424–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480701777928.

Mercadante, Adriana Z., and Delia B. Rodriguez‐Amaya. 1990. “Carotenoid Composition and Vitamin A Value of Some Native Brazilian Green Leafy Vegetables.” International Journal of Food Science & Technology 25 (2): 213–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01077.x.

Fratianni, Alessandra, Giuseppe Ianiri, Caroline Vitone, Serena Niro, and Gianfranco Panfili. 2023. “Raw and Cooked Green Leafy Vegetables as a Good Source of Carotenoids, Vitamin A and Vitamin E.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4457156.

Wild Brassicas (Brassica species)

Kumar, S., and A. Andy. 2012. “Health Promoting Bioactive Phytochemicals from Brassica.” International Food Research Journal 19.

Keck, Anna-Sigrid, and John W Finley. 2004. “Cruciferous Vegetables: Cancer Protective Mechanisms of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products and Selenium.” Integrative Cancer Therapies 3 (1) (March 1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1534735403261831.

Hoffmann, David. 2003. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts Press.

Kristal, Alan R., and Johanna W. Lampe. 2002. “Brassica Vegetables and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence.” Nutrition and Cancer 42 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1207/S15327914NC421_1.

Kataya, Hazem A. H., and AlaaEldin A. Hamza. 2008. “Red Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea) Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats.” eCAM 5 (3): 281–587.

Yadav, S.P, V Vats, A.C Ammini, and J.K Grover. 2004. “Brassica Juncea (Rai) Significantly Prevented the Development of Insulin Resistance in Rats Fed Fructose-enriched Diet.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93 (1) (July): 113–116. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.034.

Xue, Mingzhan, Qingwen Qian, Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari, Naila Rabbani, Roya Babaei-Jadidi, and Paul J Thornalley. 2008. “Activation of NF-E2–Related Factor-2 Reverses Biochemical Dysfunction of Endothelial Cells Induced by Hyperglycemia Linked to Vascular Disease.” Diabetes 57 (10) (October 1): 2809–2817. doi:10.2337/db06-1003.

Bahadoran, Z., P. Mirmiran, F. Hosseinpanah, M. Hedayati, S. Hosseinpour-Niazi, and F. Azizi. 2011. “Broccoli Sprouts Reduce Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (8) (May 11): 972–977. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.59.

CSIRO. 2008. “Mustard – Hot Stuff for Natural Pest Control.” CSIRO Staff. http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/Plant-Industry/BiofumigationSymposium.aspx.

Saini, Ramesh Kumar, Parchuri Prasad, Veeresh Lokesh, Xiaomin Shang, Juhyun Shin, Young-Soo Keum, and Ji-Ho Lee. 2022. “Carotenoids: Dietary Sources, Extraction, Encapsulation, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits—A Review of Recent Advancements.” Antioxidants 11 (4): 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040795.

Razaghi, Ali, Mansour Poorebrahim, Dhifaf Sarhan, and Mikael Björnstedt. 2021. “Selenium Stimulates the Antitumour Immunity: Insights to Future Research.” European Journal of Cancer 155 (September): 256–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.013.

“Flavonoid.” 2023. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavonoid&oldid=1160655719.

Liu, Xiaojiao, and Kezhen Lv. 2013. “Cruciferous Vegetables Intake Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” The Breast 22 (3): 309–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2012.07.013.

Bramer, Wichor M., Johannes C. F. Ket, and Bianca M. R. Kramer. 2012. “Contradictory Results of a More Extensive Search on Cruciferous Vegetables and Breast Cancer.” The Breast 21 (6): 783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2012.10.003.

Wu, Q. J., Y. Yang, E. Vogtmann, J. Wang, L. H. Han, H. L. Li, and Y. B. Xiang. 2013. “Cruciferous Vegetables Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Annals of Oncology 24 (4): 1079–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds601.

Tse, Genevieve, and Guy D. Eslick. 2014. “Cruciferous Vegetables and Risk of Colorectal Neoplasms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Nutrition and Cancer 66 (1): 128–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.852686.

Liu, Ben, Qiqi Mao, Min Cao, and Liping Xie. 2012. “Cruciferous Vegetables Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Urology 19 (2): 134–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02906.x.

Han, Bo, Xuepeng Li, and Tao Yu. 2014. “Cruciferous Vegetables Consumption and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Diagnostic Pathology 9 (1): 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-9-7.

Bandera, Elisa V., Lawrence H. Kushi, Dirk F. Moore, Dina M. Gifkins, and Marjorie L. McCullough. 2007. “Fruits and Vegetables and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.” Nutrition and Cancer 58 (1): 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580701307929.

Liu, Ben, Qiqi Mao, Xiao Wang, Feng Zhou, Jindan Luo, Chaojun Wang, Yiwei Lin, Xiangyi Zheng, and Liping Xie. 2013. “Cruciferous Vegetables Consumption and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis.” Nutrition and Cancer 65 (5): 668–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.795980.

Liu, Ben, Qiqi Mao, Yiwei Lin, Feng Zhou, and Liping Xie. 2013. “The Association of Cruciferous Vegetables Intake and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” World Journal of Urology 31 (1): 127–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-012-0850-0.

Wu, Qi-Jun, Yang Yang, Jing Wang, Li-Hua Han, and Yong-Bing Xiang. 2013. “Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies.” Cancer Science 104 (8): 1067–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12195.

Wu, Q. J., L. Xie, W. Zheng, E. Vogtmann, H. L. Li, G. Yang, B. T. Ji, Y. T. Gao, X. O. Shu, and Y. B. Xiang. 2013. “Cruciferous Vegetables Consumption and the Risk of Female Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study and a Meta-Analysis.” Annals of Oncology 24 (7): 1918–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt119.

Zhang, Zhenzhen, Raymond Bergan, Jackilen Shannon, Christopher G. Slatore, Gerd Bobe, and Yumie Takata. 2018. “The Role of Cruciferous Vegetables and Isothiocyanates for Lung Cancer Prevention: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Research Directions.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 62 (18): 1700936. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700936.

Darand, Mina, Shahab Alizadeh, and Marjan Mansourian. 2022. “The Effect of Brassica Vegetables on Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profiles in Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Phytotherapy Research 36 (5): 1914–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7410.

Wild Lettuce (Lactuca serriola)

de Vries, I.M. 1997. “Origin and domestication of Lactuca sativa L.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 44 (2) (April 1): 165-174. doi:10.1023/A:1008611200727.

Ren, YL, YW Zhou, and YH Ye. 2004. “Chemical components of Lactuca and their bioactivities.” Yao Xue Xue Bao 39 (11): 954-960.

Lorenzi, Rossella. 2005. Egyptians ate lettuce to boost sex drive. News in Science | Australian Broadcasting Corporation. June 29. http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?/science/news/stories/s1403295.htm.

3. Other weeds

Fern, Ken. “Conyza Canadensis Canada Fleabane.” PFAF Plant Database. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conyza+canadensis.

Hayet, Edziri, Mastouri Maha, Ammar Samia, Mahjoub Ali, Brahim Souhir, Kenani Abderaouf, Zine Mighri, and Aouni Mahjoub. 2009. “Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronquist Growing in Tunisia.” Medicinal Chemistry Research 18 (6): 447–454. doi:10.1007/s00044-008-9141-0.

Duke, J. A, M. J Bogenschutz-Godwin, and A. R Ottesen. 2008. Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. Taylor & Francis.

Schlemper, V., A. Ribas, M. Nicolau, and V. Cechinel Filho. 1996. “Antispasmodic Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Marrubium Vulgare on Isolated Tissues.” Phytomedicine 3 (2) (September): 211–216. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80038-9.

De Jesus, R.A.P., V. Cechinel-Filho, A.E. Oliveira, and V. Schlemper. 2000. “Analysis of the Antinociceptive Properties of Marrubiin Isolated from Marrubium Vulgare.” Phytomedicine 7 (2) (April): 111–115. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80082-3.

Barnes, J., L. A Anderson, and J. D Phillipson. 2007. Herbal Medicines. Pharmaceutical Press.

Broussard, Crystal N, Anjana Aggarwal, Sean R Lacey, Anthony B Post, Terry Gramlich, J Michael Henderson, and Zobair M Younossi. 2001. “Mushroom Poisoning – from Diarrhea to Liver Transplantation.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 96 (11) (November 1): 3195–3198. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05283.x.

“Milk thistle,” University of Maryland Medical Center, 2011, http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/milk-thistle-000266.htm.

Zhong, Sheng, Yuxiang Fan, Qi Yan, Xingyu Fan, Bo Wu, Yujuan Han, Ying Zhang, Yong Chen, Huimao Zhang, and Junqi Niu. 2017. “The Therapeutic Effect of Silymarin in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Disease.” Medicine 96 (49): e9061. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009061.

Tao, Lina, Xiaoyu Qu, Yue Zhang, Yanqing Song, and Si-xi Zhang. 2019. “Prophylactic Therapy of Silymarin (Milk Thistle) on Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2019 (January): e3192351. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3192351.

Ravari, Seyed Sina, Behrouz Talaei, and Zahra Gharib. 2021. “The Effects of Silymarin on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obesity Medicine 26 (September): 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2021.100368.

Hadi, Amir, Makan Pourmasoumi, Hamed Mohammadi, Michael Symonds, and Maryam Miraghajani. 2018. “The Effects of Silymarin Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 41 (December): 311–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.08.010.

Siller, Greg, Kurt Gebauer, Peter Welburn, Janelle Katsamas, and Steven M Ogbourne. 2009. “PEP005 (ingenol Mebutate) Gel, a Novel Agent for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: Results of a Randomized, Double‐blind, Vehicle‐controlled, Multicentre, Phase IIa Study.” Australasian Journal of Dermatology 50 (1) (February 1): 16–22. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2008.00497.x.

Ramsay, J. R, A. Suhrbier, J. H Aylward, S. Ogbourne, S. ‐j Cozzi, M. G Poulsen, K. C Baumann, P. Welburn, G. L Redlich, and P. G Parsons. 2011. “The Sap from Euphorbia Peplus Is Effective Against Human Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers.” British Journal of Dermatology 164 (3) (March 1): 633–636. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10184.x.

Beaumont, Mark. 2011. “Radium Weed.” http://www.radiumweed.com.au/

FRANCISCO, Estela Miranda. 2020. “EMA Suspends Picato as a Precaution While Review of Skin Cancer Risk Continues.” Text. European Medicines Agency. January 17, 2020. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-suspends-picato-precaution-while-review-skin-cancer-risk-continues.